Edmund Kirby Smith Confederate Civil War General

General Edmund Kirby Smith was noted Confederate commander during the Civil War. A veteran of the Mexican-American War, he elected to join the Confederate Army in 1861 and initially saw service in Virginia and East Tennessee. In early 1863, Smith assumed command of the Trans-Mississippi Department. Responsible for all Confederate forces west of the Mississippi River, he ably defended his department from Union incursions for the majority of his tenure. Smiths forces were the last major Confederate command to surrender when they capitulated to Major General Edward R.S. Canby at Galveston, TX on May 26, 1865. Early Life Born May 16, 1824, Edmund Kirby Smith was the son of Joseph and Francis Smith of St. Augustine, FL. Natives of Connecticut, the Smiths quickly established themselves in the community and Joseph was named a federal judge. Seeking a military career for their son, the Smiths sent Edmund to military school in Virginia in 1836. Completing his schooling, Smith earned admittance to West Point five years later. A middling student who was known as Seminole due to his Florida roots, he graduated ranked 25th in the class of 41. Assigned to the 5th US Infantry in 1845, he received a promotion to second lieutenant and a transfer to the 7th US Infantry the following year. He remained with the regiment through the beginning of the Mexican-American War in May 1846. Mexican-American War Serving in Brigadier General Zachary Taylors Army of Occupation, Smith took part in the Battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma on May 8-9. The 7th US Infantry later saw service in Taylors campaign against Monterrey that fall. Transferred to Major General Winfield Scotts army, Smith landed with American forces in March 1847 and began operations against Veracruz. Battle of Cerro Gordo, 1847. Public Domain With the fall of the city, Smith moved inland with Scotts army and earned a brevet promotion to first lieutenant for his performance at Battle of Cerro Gordo in April. Nearing Mexico City late that summer, he was brevetted to captain for gallantry during the Battles of Churubusco and Contreras. Losing his brother Ephraim at Molino del Rey on September 8, Smith fought with the army through the fall of Mexico City later that month. General Edmund Kirby Smith Rank: GeneralService: US Army, Confederate ArmyNickname(s): SeminoleBorn: May 16, 1824 at St. Augustine, FLDied: March 28, 1893 at Sewanee, TNParents: Joseph Lee Smith and Frances Kirby SmithSpouse: Cassie SeldenConflicts: Mexican-American War, Civil WarKnown For: Commanding Officer, Trans-Mississippi Department (1863-1865) Antebellum Years Following the war, Smith received an assignment to teach mathematics at West Point. Remaining at his alma mater through 1852, he was promoted to first lieutenant during his tenure. Departing the academy, he later served under Major William H. Emory on the commission to survey the US-Mexico boundary. Promoted to captain in 1855, Smith changed branches and shifted to the cavalry. Joining the 2nd US Cavalry, he moved to the Texas frontier. Over the next six years, Smith took part in operations against the Native Americans in the region and in May 1859 received a wound in the thigh while fighting in the Nescutunga Valley. With the Secession Crisis in full swing, he was promoted to major on January 31, 1861. A month later, following Texas departure from the Union, Smith received a demand from Colonel Benjamin McCulloch to surrender his forces. Refusing, he threatened to fight to protect his men. Going South As his home state of Florida had seceded, Smith assessed his position and accepted a commission in the Confederate Army as a lieutenant colonel of cavalry on March 16. Formally resigning from the US Army on April 6, he became chief of staff to Brigadier General Joseph E. Johnston later that spring. Posted in the Shenandoah Valley, Smith received a promotion to brigadier general on June 17 and was given command of the brigade in Johnstons army. General Joseph E. Johnston. Photograph Courtesy of the National Archives Records Administration The following month, he led his men at the First Battle of Bull Run where he was badly wounded in the shoulder and neck. Given command of the Department of Middle and East Florida while he recovered, Smith earned a promotion to major general and returned to duty in Virginia as a division commander that October. Moving West In February 1862, Smith departed Virginia to take command of the Department of East Tennessee. In this new role, he advocated for an invasion of Kentucky with the goal of claiming the state for the Confederacy and obtaining needed supplies. This movement was finally approved later in the year and Smith received orders to support the advance of General Braxton Braggs Army of Mississippi as it marched north. The plan called for him to take his newly-created Army of Kentucky north to neutralize Union troops at Cumberland Gap before joining with Bragg to defeat Major General Don Carlos Buells Army of the Ohio. Moving out in mid-August, Smith quickly diverted from the campaign plan. Though he won a victory at Richmond, KY on August 30, he failed to unite with Bragg in a timely manner. As a result, Bragg was held by Buell at the Battle of Perryville on October 8. As Bragg retreated south, Smith finally rendezvoused with the Army of Mississippi and the combined force withdrew to Tennessee. Trans-Mississippi Department Despite his failure to aid Bragg in a timely fashion, Smith earned a promotion to the newly-created rank of lieutenant general on October 9. In January, he moved west of the Mississippi River and assumed command of the Southwestern Army with his headquarters at Shreveport, LA. His responsibilities expanded two months later when he was appointed to command the Trans-Mississippi Department. Though consisting of the entirety of the Confederacy west of the Mississippi, Smiths command badly lacked manpower and supplies. A solid administrator, he worked to strengthen the region and defend it against Union incursions. During 1863, Smith attempted to aid Confederate troops during the Sieges of Vicksburg and Port Hudson but could not field sufficient forces to relieve either garrison. With the fall of these towns, Union forces assumed complete control of the Mississippi River and effectively cut the Trans-Mississippi Department off from the rest of the Confederacy. Alone in the West Promoted to general on February 19, 1864, Smith successfully defeated Major General Nathaniel P. Banks Red River Campaign that spring. The fighting saw Confederate forces under Lieutenant General Richard Taylor defeat Banks at Mansfield on April 8. As Banks began to retreat down the river, Smith dispatched forces led by Major General John G. Walker north to turn back a Union thrust south from Arkansas. Having accomplished this, he attempted to send reinforcements east but was unable to do so due to Union naval forces on the Mississippi. Lieutenant General Richard Taylor, CSA. Photograph Source: Public Domain Instead, Smith directed Major General Sterling Price to move north with the departments cavalry and invade Missouri. Departing in late August, Price was defeated and driven south by the end of October. In the wake of this setback, Smiths activities became limited to raiding. As Confederate armies began surrendering at Appomattox and Bennett Place in April 1865, the forces in the Trans-Mississippi became the only Confederate troops remaining in the field. Meeting with Major General Edward R.S. Canby at Galveston, TX, Smith finally surrendered his command on May 26. Concerned that he would be tried for treason, he fled to Mexico before settling in Cuba. Returning to the United States later in the year, Smith took an oath of amnesty at Lynchburg, VA on November 14. Later Life After a brief tenure as president of the Accident Insurance Company in 1866, Smith spent two years heading the Pacific and Atlantic Telegraph Company. When this failed, he returned to education and opened a school at New Castle, KY. Smith also served as president Western Military Academy at Nashville and chancellor of the University of Nashville. From 1875 to 1893, he taught mathematics at the University of the South. Contracting pneumonia, Smith died on March 28, 1893. The last living commander on either side to hold the rank of full general, he was buried in the University Cemetery at Sewanee.

Essay on The Enviromental Affects on Terrorism - 1121 Words

The Enviromental Affects on Terrorism The FBI defines three types of terrorists: (1) a leader with a strong commitment to their groups belief system; (2) an activist operator who often has a criminal background and implements their groups agenda; and (3) an idealist who finds a sense of purpose in his commitment to their group. (Kressel, 82) In the field of psychology, it is the psychologists duty to try to come up with theories or correlations, which help people group and identify terrorist or terroristic behavior, quickly and consistantly. There are many common assumptions about the common terrorist, but there are no true or definite catagories to place them in. A terrorist is formed by his environment either through ways of†¦show more content†¦Commercials suggest that drinking a certain beverage or using a particular hair shampoo will make us popular and win the admiration of attractive people. Depending upon the component processes involved, we try to model the behavior shown in the commercial and buy the product being advertised. By looking at Banduras Social Learning Theory as it relates to terrorists and their activity, it shows that if a person sees a terroristic attack on television and the controversy it causes and the so called fame that the terrorist recieves he or she may learn that behavior. Criminologist Edwin H. Sutherlands theory of Differential Association states that criminal behavior is leaned behavior and learned via social interaction. He based his theory upon the work of Shaw and McKay, Chicago school theorists. He drew upon three major theories from the Chicago School to formulate his theory. These included the ecological and cultural transmission theory, symbolic interactionism, and culture conflict. He explained varying crime rates by the culture conflict approach and the process by which individuals became criminal was expressed by the symbolic interactionism approach. These helped him form his theory with an attempt to explain not only indivudual cri minal behavior but also the behavior of societal groups, such as the Muslim Extremists. In his findings Sutherland came to the conclusion that patterns in associationShow MoreRelatedHow the Macroeconomic Environment of the Airline Industry Affects the Strategic Decision of Boing vs Airbus8450 Words   |  34 PagesChristian Uwagwuna How the Macroeconomic Environment of the Airline Industry Affects the Strategic Decision of Boing Vs Airbus A Case Study Document Nr. V170506 http://www.grin.com/ ISBN 978-3-640-89394-2 9 783640 893942 ‘Case Study – How the Macroeconomic Environment of the Airlines Industry Affects the Strategic Decision of Boeing Vs Airbus’ By Christian Uwagwuna Course: Strategic Management 27 January 2011 Executive Summary This paper discusses the external economic

Community Partnership Free Essays

|Community Partnership | No one can deny the importance of the role of humanity partnership. Everyone in this community have to participate in education. Since we live in the age of globalization, the education has become a must in the shelter of modernism and deep-rooted heritage. We will write a custom essay sample on Community Partnership or any similar topic only for you Order Now This will be an expression of the genuine Egyptian society and character as well. There are many factors tat can affect the educational system in a given community, amongst we have †¢ The teacher: He is considered the corner-stone of the process. He is the bearer of the prophets’ treatise and the generation creator. In addition, he is the hope of the nation in bringing up a promising generation able to achieve its target within a bright future with exertion and endowment. There should be healthy, culture, social and professional welfare for the teacher. Teacher should contact with students, other teachers, and with the community out side the school. This will help him fulfill his national duty and go on well towards achieving noble targets. The student (the raw material): the promising student should be creatively manipulated. He is required to be participant not recipient, communicative not fanatic, alert not subtle. The community is in need of a student who can affect and be affected by the environment. Along with the global trait prevailing nowadays, there is no room for a flabby student. †¢ The parents (sponsors): generally speaking, the parental role can’t be done away with. This role can be extended t o be supervisory, financial or supplementary in decision making. Parents also can give a hand in pastoral care at school. Their proposals should be taken into consideration. There are also some sub-factors within the frame of community partnership such as; the educational institution, the environment, potential, curriculum, self –autonomy, etc. To around up, if the elements mentioned above are collaborated, we can reach a promising entity of the educational process. Community partnership is calling for decentralization in education which, in turn, is a mainstay of national security and orientation for what is better. How to cite Community Partnership, Papers

Ecology Stomata free essay sample

Sampling Stomatal Densities of Various Species of Plants The importance of stomata is the fact that they control the intake of carbon dioxide and the loss of water in plants. The ratio of intake to loss creates a better picture of which plants adapt would to their environment and which would not. Eight different plant species were sampled the stomatal densities and compared them to their environments. The densities were recorded for each species by painting clear nail polish on the adaxial side of leaf. Clear tape was laid over the nail polish then removed and placed on a microscope slide and placed under a compound microscope. Three sections of each leaf were observed with the highest recorded. The number of stomata obtained was then concerted to stomata per mm2. The hypothesis predicted that hydrophytes would have the highest stomatal density followed by mesophytes with a medium amount and xerophytes with the least. It was shown that Kalinchoe delagoensis, xerophyte, Rhoeo spathacea, mesophyte, and Zebrina sp, hydrophyte. had the lowest stomatal densities. Cyperus papyrus, hydrophyte, and Hibiscus sp. mesophyte, had the highest stomatal densities. Bouganville and Monstera deliciosa both fell in the middle of the spectrum; while Fiscus sp. also had a high stomatal density. Introduction The ecological field is growing everyday with one area of study in particular; stomatal density. This field of study is important because it shows how and when plants are more susceptible to environmental changes and how quickly they will adapt themselves. Stomata control gas exchange in the leaves of vascular plants. Open stomata allow carbon dioxide to enter the leaves and water and oxygen to leave. Stomata are located on the underside of the leaf to decrease descication. If the environment that the plant lives in is too sunny, cytochromes, membranes and pigments can bake under the sun. As a coping mechanism, the stomata open and release water to lower their temperature; similar to the way humans sweat. When water is scarce, evaporation such as explained above can lead to desiccation of the plant. Xerophytes are plants that are able to survive in areas with very little moisture. Mesophytes are plants that are neither adapted to a dry nor wet environment. Hydrophytes are plants that have adapted to live in a very moist or aquatic environment (Campbell et al. 008). In the tollowing experiment there will comparisons drawn upon these different types of plants. In a study on Spartina (Maricle et al. 2009), thirteen species were studied of Spartina ranging high to low marsh and freshwater habitats. The scientists studying Spartina grasses used light and electron microscopes to measure and record the number of stomata on the adaxial side of the leaf. Thirteen species were collected and examined: Spartina alterniflora, Spartina anglica, Spartina argentineses, Spartina baker, Spartina densiflora, Spartina patens, Spartina spartinae, Spartina ynosuriodes, Spartina pectinata, and Spartina gracilis. The species were compared against herbarium specimens and Flora from the North American Keys; but the populations used in the study were grown under greenhouse conditions in Fort Hays State University and Washington State University. The scientists studying Spartina grasses used light and electron microscopes to measure and record the number of stomata on the abaxial and adaxial side of the leaf. Results showed that in freshwater species, there were more stomata on both sides; conversely, in saltwater species, there were more stomata on the adaxial side. Saltwater species were able to better adapt to their climate and water loss due to the number of stomata present (Maricle et al. 2009). Konrad and colleagues (2009) report that stomata changes are shown to be inversely proportional to atmospheric C02 concentration. The article stated that fossils were used to introduce a model that described how stomata density responses to atmospheric C02 concentration. The model is based on the diffusion of water vapor and C02, photosynthesis and a principle of plants concerning water availability and gas exchange. The model shows an association that tomata density is a response to the environment and C02 concentrations. The model also showed that stomata pore geometry should also be considered because of the changes they can undergo with the changing environment (Konrad et al. , 2007). For this experiment eight different types of plants were chosen. Cyperus papyrus belongs to the family Cyperaceae. The species ranges in habitats from rain forests to tropical and sub-tropical deserts and is a hydrophyte. Monstera deliciosa belongs to family Archae and are found in climates such as San Diego, California with moist but ot soggy envrionments. Bouganvillea sp. Belongs to family Nyctaginaceae and is a xerophyte. It can be found in tropical areas such as Florida or Brazil with sufficient rainfall. Rheo spathacea is usually reguarded as a weed, and belongs to family Commelinaceae and is also a mesophyte. It can be found in southern Africa in countries such as Kenya and Tanzania, temperate Asia for example China and Japan, or southwestern USA Louisiana and Florida etc. Kalanchoe daigremontiana belongs to the family Crassulaceae. They are found in mostly warmer drier conditions and is a xerophyte. Fiscus sp. belongs to the Moraceae family and is usually found in tropical zones. The Ficus sp. is a mesophyte. The Hibiscus sp. is of the Malyaceae family. This plant is usually found in tropical, sub-tropical, and temperate environments and is also a mesophyte. The final plant was the Zebrina sp. Is a hydrophyte and belongs to family Commelinaceae. It is found in places such as Borneo or the Philippines (Hargitt 2012). In this experiment, it is hypothesized that plants residing in drier and warmer environments will have a lower stomata density than those in wetter environments. Materials and Methods The procedure used followed protocol of Grant and Vatnick (2004). Eight different species were sampled for stomatal density: Rhoeo spathacea, Hibiscus sp, Bouganvilea sp, Zebrina sp, Ficus sp, Kalinchoe delagoensis, Cyperus papyrus, and Monstera deliciosa. Twelve leaf samples of each species were sampled except Monstera leaf for which twelve samples were taken from one leaf. Each lower surface had a small section painted with clear nail polish. After the nail polish dried, a piece of clear tape was laid over each polished part of the leaf to remove an imprint f the stomata. The clear tape was then placed onto a microscope slide and observed under a compound microscope. Each slide was examined and stomata counted in three different places on the leaf imprint. The field of view with the highest number of stomata was recorded. This was repeated for all twelve leaves for all eight species. A micrometer was used to measure the diameter of the field of view to calculate the area of field of view using the equation area ofa circle = Oro. Then all measurements were converted to the units stomata/mmo. Data was graphed and statistically nalyzed using an ANOVA. Results The data obtained from the twelve leaf samples varied significantly in results. Table one shows the mean, standard deviation, and percent confidence interval . The average number of stomata for Kalinchoe delagoensis was 7. 65 per mm2, Cyperus papyrus was 246. 15 per mm2, Rhoeo spathacea was 10. 324 per mm2, Zebrina sp. 22. 088 per mm2, Bouganvillea sp. was 101. 91 per mm2, Hibiscus sp. was 250. 00 per mm2, Fiscus sp. was 216. 28 per mm2, and Monstera deliciosa was 47. 147 per mm2. The hydrophytes (Cyperus papyrus) had the highest amount of stomata. Zebrina sp. is also a hydrophyte but had a low stomata count. The xerophytes (Kalinchoe delagoensis and Bouganvillea sp) are supposed to have the lowest number of stomata. The standard deviation also ranged from 1. 72 to 58. 9 from Rhoeo spathacea to Hibiscus, both cases ending with Hibiscus on the higher end of the scale. Kalinchoe delagoensis has a mean of 7. 65 per mm2 while Hibiscus has a mean of 250. 00 per mm2 once again putting it on the higher end of the scale. All of the data can be found on fgure 1 as well as the ANOVA results graphed in figure 1 and figure 2. Discussion The stomatal densities were predicted to show correlation with different types of plants. The hypothesis predicted that hydrophytes would have the highest stomatal density. Results show that that part of the hypothesis was not fully supported. Cyperus papyrus is a hydrophyte about the same stomatal density as Hibiscus sp. or Fiscus sp. (mesophytes) for example. Zebrina sp. is also a hydrophyte but had a stomatal density in the lower region. The hypothesis also predicted that xerophytes would have the lowest stomatal density. Kalinchoe delagoensis supported the ypothesis and had a low stomatal density. Conversely the other xerophyte, Bouganvillea had an inbetween stomatal density which did not support the hypothesis. The last part of the hypothesis predicted that mesophytes had mid range dnsities due to a medium amount of water indicating temperate terrestrial conditions. The only species that supported the hypothesis was the Monstera deliciosa. The Rhoeo spathacea was in the lower range and the Hibiscus sp. and the Fiscus sp. were in the higher range. In the future, knowing the exact species identification of Hibiscus, Fiscus, Zebrina, nd Bouganvillea would help in the identification of xerephyte, mesophyte, and hydrophyte. Identify carbon dioxide and oxygen levels in each of the plants habitats to determine if the levels have an impact on the densities or not. The natural habitat of each plant may influence the stomatal densities, but the fact that the species is a hydrophyte, mesophyte or xerophyte does not mean it will have a certain stomata density.